Military Revolutions and Revolution - 1342 Words

Military revolution and revolution of military affair The world is continuing to experience changes that are affecting every generation of people in society without regard to race, religion, age, sex, political status or geographical location. These changes are certainly important chapters for our history books. For the most part I would say these changes are like evolution which has led to the diversification of all living organisms from a common ancestor, known as a scientific development discovered by the scientist Charles Darwin. Comparatively changes that occur in society affecting organizations, people, politics and policies and technology results in diversification in ways of life over time as result of what we call a†¦show more content†¦In other words the author is saying political debates, strategies and polices are develop from the outcome of military revolution which is instrumental in bring about the technological development in weaponry that are developed as a result of RMA. Although it is widely recognized that technological changes are the revolutionizing force for warfare in the 21st century the issues that are addressed in Military Revolution are synergic to those of RMA. The[1]†Anatomy of a Failed Occupation of 1871† is a prime example of why these two revolutions cannot operate effectively separately despite there are significant differences. This was a time of great uprising in southern United States when local terrorist was able to undermine the state government to reestablish their own political dominance. The government failed miserable; due to poor planning inappropriate and infective resources, such as advance technology. In addition the Army lack will power needed to establish and enforced the political policies and strategies of the government. Reviewing of several literatures reveals the great promises revolution in military affairs holds for conventional, combined-arms warfare, but the same cannot be said of i ts potential value in conflict short of war. When, it comes to terrorism, insurgency, or violence associated with drug trafficking, it is not so clear-cut. The outcome can be a failureShow MoreRelatedThe Military Revolution1574 Words   |  7 PagesHolub, Martin HIST; midterm #2 The military revolution was a direct outcome of changes in the virtuosity of war between 1560 and 1660. The changes crucially influenced campaigning and combat in Europe during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The most influential alterations included transformation in weapons, growth in the army size, change in tactics and organization, and centralization of the states’ bureaucracies. There were many battles in the late 17th and early 18th centuries thatRead MoreThe Military Revolution1636 Words   |  7 PagesEmmanuel Rodriguez Prof. David Curley Class History 306 7 February 2017 The Military Revolution When it comes to technological advancement, perhaps one of the industries that have incurred the greatest and fastest growth is the military sector. Albert Einstein once said, â€Å"I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.† (Einstein, 1949) The changes in warfare have become increasingly deadlier over the course of human developmentRead MoreThe Dynamics of Military Revolution1505 Words   |  6 Pagesand 1918, western warfare went through four periods that saw such profound change that it can fairly be said that a military revolution occurred. According to historians MacGregor Knox and Williamson Murray, military revolutions fundamentally change the framework of war and recast society and the state as well as military organizations. While all of the military revolutions studied in H100 were important in the evolution of warfare, one clearly stimulated greater change than the others. ThesisRead MoreConvergence of Military Revolutions1409 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Running Head: Convergence of Military Revolutions How did the convergence of Military Revolutions contribute to the costly and indecisive character of World War I? Submitted by [Name of Researcher] Name of Discipline [Area of Study] Name of Institution Logo of Institution 22 January 2012 Contents I. Introduction 3 II. Plans made in anticipation of the War and Doctrine failed. 3 III. Evolved weapons technologies resulted in prolonged stalemate and enormous losses of personnelRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte On The Military Revolution1531 Words   |  7 Pageslution 1779 on of the main revolutions that had main effect on French , Europe, and whole the world later .which also made a strong base to built a military French revolution with not less important than the civil one . Repeatedly, there is a question appears about the role of Napoleon Bonaparte on those tow revolutions. On my opinion, Napoleon Bonaparte with his unique genius as leader and administrator had two main basic roles ,in general, in France during this period .First, keep the gainsRead More Political, Industrial, Military Powers of Industrial Revolution1089 Words   |  5 PagesPolitical, Industrial, Military Powers of Industrial Revolution By the 1750s the industrial revolution had begun and there were many advancements directed at cotton weaving as a result of limited technology. Because of this limited technology people were slow in inventing other types of machines. This of was a time of drastic change and transformation from the use of mere hand tools to using powerful machines. ARead More Is the Notion of an Early Modern Military Revolution Tenable?1840 Words   |  8 PagesIs the Notion of an Early Modern Military Revolution Tenable? The notion of an early modern military revolution is one which is a much debated subject among historians. Two historians who are very dominant in this field are Geoffrey Parker and Michael Roberts. Although they both agree that a military revolution occurred, they disagree on the timing of a revolution in war. Roberts argues that a military revolution started in 1560 and by 1660, the modern art of war had come to birth. ParkerRead MoreWorld War I: Military Revolutions and the Onset of a New Era828 Words   |  3 PagesQuestion: How did the convergence of Military Revolutions contribute to the costly and indecisive character of World War I? World War One: Military Revolutions and the Onset of a New Era World War I was the beginning of the idea of industrial war, involving the productive power of entire nations, and despite massive casualties and cost, neither alliance could achieve decisive operational or strategic victory. The onset of the industrial revolution in the 19th century, as well as the increasingRead MoreThe Western Military Trajectory During The Gunpowder And First Industrial Revolutions2121 Words   |  9 PagesWestern military trajectory finds many of the impetuses for a military revolution stemming from non-Western stimuli. Innovations such as the composite bow (introduced by the Hyksos), cavalry (accredited to Assyria and Persia), the stirrup (attributed to China), gunpowder (China), crossbow (China), and cannons (China) have been attributed to non-Western regions; however, it is the Western militaries that exploited these innovations to their full deadly potential and in the process created military revolutionsRead MoreDid the Development in European Warfare Dur ing the Sixteenth Century Amount to a ‘Military Revolution’?2124 Words   |  9 PagesEuropean warfare during the Sixteenth Century amount to a ‘Military Revolution’? By the Sixteenth century, Luther had successfully challenged the Catholic Church from 1517 and Copernicus had declared a solar- centric universe in 1543. These are both historical events in early modern Europe. The dramatic changes in Military warfare are also seen as key to European developments in separating the medieval society from the Modern. The military developments change that art and organisation of warfare

Immigration Racism and Greece Free Essays

Introduction Nowadays, it has been observed in several countries that immigrant students do not have an equivalent school performance with their native classmates (Pisa, 2003). This essay is concerning the different school performance of the immigrant and Pontic Greeks students in Greece. The first section of this essay is about the immigration to Greece, and it explores the reasons of the increasing immigration to Greece, the second explores the attitudes of Greeks towards immigration, whereas the next section highlights the racism and xenophobia in Greece’s society. We will write a custom essay sample on Immigration: Racism and Greece or any similar topic only for you Order Now Section four is about the ethnocentric school curriculum in this country, whereas, the next section is about, the differnces of the socioeconomic status and cultural capital towards these two groups of immigrants. Finally, the next two sections are about the intercultural education in Greece and its problems. Immigration to Greece Before we go into the procedure of analysis of our topic it is obvious that we should explore the fact of immigration to Greece. The first decades after World War II, a lot of Greeks left their country and they immigrated in many countries such as USA, Canada, Germany and Australia which were more economically developed, because the rates of unemployment and poverty in Greece were extremely high (Katsikas ump; Politou, 2005), however, Greece nowadays has become a country where many immigrants from different countries arrive, hoping that Greece will offer them the opportunities to have a better life (Triantafyllidoy ump; Veikou, 2002). The Mediterranean countries have become a magnet for many immigrants replacing the traditional immigration countries like Germany and France (Brenner ump; Fertig, 2006). Moreover, immigrants in Greece exceeds the needs of the Greek industry, and Greece has the highest proportion of immigrants between the European Union countries (Siar, 2008). Greece has become the centre of immigration since 1980, when many Greeks who have immigrated to other countries returned back, morever, in 1985 many repatriated Greeks returned back from the U. S. S. R and Albania, finally, the last two decades many economic immigrants from many developing countries from the Eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa came to Greece (Katsikas ump; Politou, 2005). A research which was conducted by Eurostat in 2006 has shown that in Greece there are 884. 000 immigrants and the majority of them came from Albania, the 62% of immigrants in Greece are Albanians (Siar, 2008). However, there are a lot of people from many countries such as Pakistan, India, Georgia, Ukraine, Romania, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Egypt (Siar, 2008). Moreover, the last decades a lot of ethnic Greeks returned to Greece such as Pontic Greeks and Greek Albanians and also there are a lot Greek citizens who returned to Greece from countries such as Cyprus and Turkey (Fakiolas ump; King, 1996). Furthermore, we should mention that many irregular immigrants especially from Asian countries, live in Greece, and their number becomes every year more and more increased, this happens because they try to enter to Greece through Aegean sea, which is very difficult to be controlled, due to the fact that there is a line of seashore which is 18,400 km and a vast amount of islands which are near to Turkish coasts, thus, it is quite easy from them to enter to Greece (Siar, 2008). In addition, nowadays, in Greece, there is an increasing number of asylum seekers, who try to enter to the most industrialised European countries, the majority of them comes from countries like Iraq, Pakistan, and Afganistan, unfortunately, Greek state, does not usually recognize them, and only few applications get a positive response (Siar, 2008). Moreover, it is quite useful to explore the reasons that Greece attracts many immigrants. First of all, the majority of European countries have stricter immigration policy than Greece, as a result, a lot of people immigrate to Greece (Leghari, 2009). As we have mentioned before, Greece has many islands and a vast coastline, moreover, it has a lot of mountains, it is obvious that Greece’s borders are very difficult to be secured, as a consequence, many irregular immigrants enter the country (Leghari, 2009). Greece, is situated, between the developed and developing countries, as a result, many people from the developing countries immigrate to Greece because their countries very usually face a lot of conflicts and changes (Leghari, 2009). The fall of Communism in many countries made people to leave their countries, the immigration of Pontic Greeks, it was a result of the fall of Communism in U. S. S. R (Triantafyllidoy ump; Veikou, 2002). Another important reason which promotes immigration to Greece is the fact that the last decades there was an economic development (Leghari, 2009). Moreover, there was a decline in Greece’s population and as a result, there was a need of labour force (Leghari, 2009). In addition, we should mention that there is a lack of workers in the construction sector because Greeks do not want to do these kind of jobs (Leghari, 2009). As a result, the majority of immigrants in Greece do these kind of jobs, according to, the Greek Ministry of Interior the 32% of immigrants work in the construction sector (Siar, 2008). Finally, the fact that Greece’s economy, is characterized by an informal sector gives the opportunity to many irregular immigrants to work in this sector (Leghari, 2009). It is obvious that all of these reasons promote immigration, however, it will be quite useful to explore the attitude of public opinion and Greek policy towards immigrants in Greece, because this, will help us, to shed light on the differences in school performance between Pontic Greeks and immigrant students, the next section of this research is about the attitude of Greek policy and public opinion towards immigrants. Attitude of Greek Policy and Public Opinion Towards Immigrants First of all, we should mention that although, in Greece there are a lot of immigrants there is no any effective immigration policy (Triantafyllidoy ump; Veikou, 2002). The first decades of immigration to Greece, it was quite obvious that there was no such policy because there were no indications of the extent of this phenomenon, however, until now, there are not effective policies, as a result, we are able to assume that maybe Greek politicians and also society, believe that mass immigration will have an effect on Greek’s homogeneity (Triantafyllidoy ump; Veikou, 2002). On the other hand, any migratory policies applied in Greece favors some specific groups, such as Pontic Greeks, moreover, Greek citizenship was granted to them when they arrived in Greece (Triantafyllidoy ump; Veikou, 2002). This happens because Greece is one of the most homogenized societies (Rozakis, 1997), and Greece’s homogeneity comes from the fact that Greeks national identity is based on Greece’s glorious history and orthodox religion (Triantafyllidoy ump; Veikou, 2002). In line with, Triantafyllidou and Veikou: Greek national identity includes both ethnic and civic features, which are dynamically organized and interact with the changing international context and internal needs of the society† (Triantafyllidoy ump; Veikou, 2002: 195). However, nowadays, there are a lot ot social changes in Greece due to the fact of mass immigration, as a result, there is a need Greece’s national identity to be reconsidered and redefined to meet the demands of global and national changes (Triantafyllidoy ump; Veikou, 2002). It is obvious, that this fact led Greeks to believe that immigrants will elimintate their national identity and as a result, they do not have a positive attitude towards immigration. On the other hand, Greeks have a positive attitude towards Pontic Greeks, and they have a better treatment than immigrants from other countries such as Albania, we are able to assume that Pontic Greeks were a privileged group of immigrants, moreover, this positive attitude towards Pontic Greeks is based on media which have a more positive attitude to them than to other immigrants (Voutira, 2004). This happens because Greeks believe that Pontic Greeks are Greeks with some common habits and they have the same religion as a result, they believe that Pontic Greeks have, like them, national consciousness, however, they do not examine the fact that some of them do not even speak the Greek (Triantafyllidoy ump; Veikou, 2002). One of the most important factors of the construction of Greeks national consciousness was the fact that many Orthodox Greeks lived in some other places which some centuries ago were under the control of Greece and made Greeks believe that these lands should be one day controlled by Greece again, helping Greeks Orthodoxs to be integrated with their homeland, this is, what is called in Greece ‘Great Idea’(Triantafyllidoy ump; Veikou, 2002). It is obvious, that these reasons, guide Greeks to have positive attitudes towards Pontic Greeks. We are able to assume that a better reception is granted to Pontic Greeks when they come to Greece, and their acceptance in Greek society is secured, due to their ‘Greekness’(Triantafyllidoy ump; Veikou, 2002), as a result, it is obvious that their Greek roots make it easier to be integrated in Greek society, this better integration of Pontic Greek renders us capable of understanding that Pontic Greek students have more chances to have a better school performance than the other immigrant students. However, their Greek roots, it is not the only reason which give them the opportunity to have a better school performance, the next section, explores another reason, which promotes their better educational attainment, this reason is the fact that Greece’s society is characterized by xenophobic and racist beliefs. Xenophobia and Racism in Greece Immigration helps the receiving countries to develop their economies, however, sometimes in many countries there are negative attitudes against immigrants (Card, Dustmann, ump; Preston, 2005). In Greece, a research which was conducted by Anna Triantafullidou and Andoni Mikraki has shown that Greeks since 1995 have not xenophobic attitudes against immigrants, moreover, the 31% of Greece’s population believed that immigrant’s rights should be more extended and only the 4% of the total population had negative attitudes against immigrants (Triantafyllidou ump; Mikrakis, 1995). However, the high rates of immigration this decade, has triggered the xenophobic and sometimes racist attitudes in Greek society, people nowadays in Greece believe that immigrants increase the rates of unemployment and criminality and very often these stereotypes are guided by the media, moreover as we have mentioned before, Greek society is a homogenized society and Greeks believe that the mass immigration will have an effect on Greece’s homogeneity (Hatziprokopiou, 2005). On the other hand, it is quite difficult, to give an explanation, to the growth of xenophobia and racism in this country, however, these attitudes become more and more frequent, this is clear, if we consider the institutional racism which is very usual, in the police stations, the maiority of policemen in Greece tend to believe that immigrants are criminals (Hatziprokopiou, 2005). Moreover, racist attitudes, are a daily phenomenon, even in Greek TV series, there are racist attitudes, for instance, they show immigrants in some ways, such as, criminals, prostitutes, or domestic servants, with this way, there is a reproduction of stereotypes and xenophobia (Hatziprokopiou, 2005). However, these attitudes are very usual, in global history, because when there are a lot of social problems in a society, people try to find a weak social group to blame for these problems (Fenton, 1984), and Greece nowadays has a lot of roblems, due to the social changes due to immigration (Triantafyllidoy ump; Veikou, 2002), and the economic recession. As a result, there is a growth of racist and xenophobic attitudes. Moreover, these racist beliefs are very common in Greek schools, very often Greek students have negative attitudes towards immigrant students, their perception often is guided by their classmate’s country of origin, some specific immigrant groups especially Albania ns are faced xenophobic attitudes and stereotypes even in classrooms (Dimakos ump; Tasiopoulou, 2010). Of course, we cannot characterize Greek society, as a racist society, because it has been observed, that when there is a contact between Greeks and immigrants, there is a development of interpersonal relationships, and friendships, it is obvious that, that media, social problems and Greece’s immigrations policy promote the racist attitudes towards immigrants (Hatziprokopiou, 2005). It is obvious, that the reproduction of the racist beliefs and stereotypes have an effect on school performance. As we have mentioned before, a better reception is granted to Pontic Greeks due to their ‘Greekness’(Triantafyllidoy ump; Veikou, 2002), as a result, Pontic Greeks students do not have to face racist stereotypes in education, this issue, help us to understand that they have more chances to have a better school performance than the other immigrant students. Of course, Greece’s homogeneity and racist attitudes towards immigrants, are not the only reasons which have an effect on school performance, the next section is about another important reason which guides the differences in school performance, this is the school curriculum. How to cite Immigration: Racism and Greece, Papers

Precision Worldwide free essay sample

Precision Worldwide, Inc. Recommendations: Precision Worldwide, Inc. (PWI) should cease production of their steel rings, proceed towards production of the new plastic rings, and scrap any unused or unsold steel inventories in conjunction with the availability of the new plastic ring product. The sooner the company is able to sell plastic rings, the sooner they will be able to realize the increased profit margins associated with that product. The introduction of the plastic ring from one of PWI’s competitors changes the dynamic of the market for this type of product as any end users of these rings will immediately see the merit of purchasing that said rings in plastic instead of steel. Any delays in making the plastic rings available could jeopardize PWI’s business relationship with buyers of the major assemblies that are also produced by PWI. The risk of losing buyers of major assemblies is too great to justify prolonged sales of the inferior steel rings once the plastic product is available. We will write a custom essay sample on Precision Worldwide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page PWI should make every effort to reduce waste when disposing of raw steel inventory and finished goods. To facilitate this process, PWI may implement a 15% price reduction on steel rings until the beginning of September which will provide for increased sales for 14 weeks. The company will not make use of 70% wages during this time period due to the fact that the company will not be producing additional steel rings between May and September 2004. The projected loss to the company if remaining steel inventory is liquidated and scrapped-out at $0. 00 is approximately $278,192. 0 (see below). Total cost of Steel Inventories| $390,000. 00 | Cost of Raw Steel| $110,900. 00 | Cost of Steel Finished Goods| $279,010. 00 | | | Inventory projected on-hand by Mid-September| | (=15,100 rings/100*1,107. 9)| $167,292. 90| | | Total Scrap forecast| | (=Raw Steel Cost + Mid-Sep inventory projections)| $278,192. 90 | The above values give no credit to additional sales that may be projected as a result of discounting the steel rings. Once the plastic product is available in September, the company will discontinue availability of steel entirely. The chart below takes into account a comparison between 14 weeks of projected sales at a discount of 15% and assuming sales increase by 15% during that period as well as normal sales during the same period on steel rings. We are projecting a possible increase in sales of 15% to correlate with the discounting of steel product. 14 Weeks of Sales| Normal Pricing| Discount of 15%| | Â  | Â  | 690 units per week| $9,315. 00| $7,818. 00| 794 units per week| N/A| $9,111. 15| Based on current sales of steel, the company makes profits of approximately $86,865. 8 on an annual basis. The annual sales for plastic rings will be approximately $384,041, assuming the sales rate of plastic rings is comparable to the sales rate of steel rings (Chart 1). If the loss of $278,192. 90 is expensed at the end of year of sales of $384,041, the resulting net profit will be $105,848. 68 which is more than 22% higher net profit than the company can realize in a full year of normal steel sales (Chart 2). Calcu lations: Incremental Analysis Chart 1: Incremental Analysis| | Steel Rings| Plastic Rings| Incremental| | Selling Price| 1,350. 00| 1,350. 00| = 0| Incremental Revenue| Cost| 1,107. 90| 279. 65| = 828. 25| Incremental Cost| Profit| 242. 10| 1,070. 35| = 828. 25| Incremental Profit| Manufacturing Analysis Chart 2: Units| Steel Rings| Plastic Rings| | 6. 9 Per week| 1,670. 49| 7,385. 42| | 52 weeks| 86,865. 48| 384,041. 58| | Minus Sunk Costs (scrap)| | -278,192. 90| | Profit| 86,865. 48| 105,848. 68| | Increase in Profit| | | 18,983. 20| Table A-1 compares the cost of plastic and steel rings per 100. The table excludes the overhead cost that is allocated to administrative costs, which is a non-manufacturing cost that isn’t easily traceable to the production of rings. Same as above, manufacturing overhead cost is 80% of direct labor that results in a reduction to $52. 40 ($65. 50*. 8) for plastic and $157. 20 ($196. 50*. 80) for steel. Table A-1 Plastic Rings vs. Steel Rings Per 100| | | | Plastic Rings| Unit Cost| Steel Rings| Unit Cost| Material| $ 17. 65| Â  | $321. 90| | Direct labor| 65. 50| | 196. 50| | Overheada| | | | | Departmental| $52. 40| Â  | $157. 20| | Total (cost)| $135. 55| $1. 6| $675. 60| $6. 76| Assuming that the company doesn’t produce any more steel rings, Table A-2 uses cost supplied by the case study and illustrates that the raw material being a sunk cost, administrative cost removed and manufacturing overhead reduced. Table A-2 | For 100 Steel Rings| Unit Cost| Material (sunk)| $(321. 90)| | Direct labor| $196. 50 | | Overheada| | | Departm ental| $157. 20 | | Total Cost- Sunk Cost| $353. 70 | $3. 54 | Conclusions: When presented with the above information, PWI has little choice but to abandon current steel production, liquidate current inventories as quickly s possible and begin the production and sale of plastic rings. This will result in a loss to the company of approximately $110,990 in raw material and approximately $167,292. 90 in finished goods totaling approximately $278,282. 90. This loss is acceptable due to the fact that sunk costs should not be taken into consideration when making future business decisions, this course of action will ensure the least amount of risk to the company’s reputation, and this loss can be recouped in approximately 37 weeks (278,292. 0 divided by 1,070 divided by 6. 9) at current rates of sale. Furthermore, the loss of scrapping steel inventories is a one-time event; subsequent years’ sales will be far higher than previous years’ sales due to increased margins i n plastic rings, thus further justifying this course of action. Assumptions: * Current steel inventories are valued at $390,000 which is inclusive of both raw material and finished goods. Of the $390,000, $110,990 is in raw material and $279,110 is in finished goods. From the date of the decision (May 31, 2004) until production of plastic rings is on-line (September 1, 2004) there are approximately 14 weeks of production and sales opportunity. * A 15% reduction in the price of steel rings will result in a 15% increase in sales providing for weekly sales of 794 rings per week (690 x 1. 15) for 14 weeks totaling 11,116 rings. * At the end of May, the company has approximately 25,000 steel rings on-hand (69014+15,100). * Assumes continued labor costs to produce the plastic rings, thus avoiding the reduction of 70% of regular wages. There is a risk to the company in converting all rings to plastic where only 10% of customers are currently demanding plastic rings. * There is a risk of less demand for plastic rings due to 4 times the wear of steel. * It is important to introduce plastic rings to the market because the competition is offering plastic rings at a lower cost. As an example, other companies are offering low-priced and low-quality machines resulting in increased future competition. * There will be a cost of $7,500. 00 for tools and equipment to manufacture the plastic rings, which will be taken as a depreciate expense o ver time.